New Horizons in Cardiology and Cardiologists Education

Cardiology is a specialist area in the medical field; Cardiac surgeons have a lot of impact in the world, because heart related problems are the leading cause of death. Being Cardiologist is an extremely complex one, which means there is much scope for gaining in-depth knowledge for a particular area of cardiology, Cardiologist does not only diagnose and treat disease, but will work in the area of prevention to help reduce the risks of conditions such as heart disease, Some cardiologist does not only diagnose and treat disease, but also will work in the area of prevention to help reduce the risks of conditions such as heart disease. Indeed they are the ones that alter God alone give people hope to have a chance to live

• General clinical cardiologists
• Electro physiologist
• Nuclear cardiologists
• MR/CT cardiologists
• Paediatric cardiologists
• Heart failure & transplant cardiologist
• Preventive cardiologists
• Vascular medicine specialists
• Cardiovascular investigators
• Cardiac anaesthesiologists
• Cardiothoracic Surgeons

In the heart of mammals, atrial cardiocytes produce in a regulated manner the polypeptide hormones like brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic factor.The biological actions of BNP and ANF are similar and they include the modulation of systems that will lead to increase extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure, such as the sympathetic nervous system and the renin–angiotensin system.

Cardiac anesthesia is a challenging subspecialty and unique involving an array of complex procedures performed on patients. Cardiac anesthesiologists have special training in anesthesia for vascular, cardiac and thoracic surgeries that helps assure a safe outcome during surgery.

Cardiac nurses care patients who suffer from different conditions of the cardiovascular system. Cardiac nurses help treat conditions such as cardiomyopathy, unstable angina, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction , cardiac dysrhythmia  and congestive heart failure under the direction of a cardiologist. Cardiac nurses perform stress test evaluations, postoperative care on a surgical unit, cardiac monitoring, health assessments and vascular monitoring.

Heart Disease in Paediatrics, The Pediatric Cardiology division is responsible for the diagnosis of congenital heart defects.Out of every 1000 new borns , 8 new borns are born with Congenital heart defects. For the on-going management of heart disease in infants, children and adolescents will perform diagnostic procedures such as electrophysiology studies, cardiac catheterizations and echocardiograms.

  The branch of cardiology and geriatric medicine that deals with the cardiovascular disorders in elderly people called as cardio geriatrics or geriatric cardiology.

Cardiac disorders such as heart failure, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and others are common and are a major cause of mortality in elderly people. Cardiovascular disorders such as peripheral arterial disease and atherosclerosis cause significant mortality and morbidity in aged people.

Cardiac Immunology research focuses on the role of immune cells in development, cardiovascular remodeling and thrombosis. This includes the study of macrophage biology and their potential functions in relation to their origin and developmental paths.

Heart disease is a killer that strikes women than men and is more deadly. Women of all ages can be affected with Heart disease. For younger women, the combination of smoking boosts and birth control pills, heart disease risks by 20 percent. In women risk increases with age, certain things like sedentary lifestyle and overeating can cause accumulation of plaque which leads to clogged arteries later. 

• Heart disease and stroke prevention in women
• Broken heart syndrome
• Mental stress and depression
• High blood pressure and women
• Coronary micro vascular disease (MVD)
• Premature atrial contractions
• Hormone replacement therapy

The patients who have been treated for cancer will have intersection with some heart conditions. Certain cancer drugs can weaken the heart or cause abnormal rhythms patients who undergo Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are at risk for a variety of cardiovascular complications including heart failure, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, thromboembolism, pericardial disease and valvular heart disease.

Cardiac technologists can specialize in non-invasive and/or invasive cardiovascular technology. Some educational programs provide curricula for both specialties, while others offer an option to only study non-invasive technology. Most associate degree programs and certificate include a combination of lecture-based classroom sessions and clinical experiences.

Health of the Heart and Mind Are Intertwined. Depression affects the entire body, not just the brain. It has been linked to low-grade inflammation, which is involved in the clogging of arteries and the rupture of cholesterol-filled plaque. Depression also boosts the production of stress hormones, which dull the response of the heart and arteries to demands for increased blood flow. It activates blood cell fragments known as platelets, making them more likely to clump and form clots in the bloodstream. 

A veterinary cardiologist is a specialist that has advanced training in the circulatory system, heart and its function .Veterinary cardiology specialists will perform a complete and detailed physical examination on the animal, and based on these additional tests, initial findings will be discussed. Veterinary cardiologists will also review animal’s past history and current medications. Depending on the animal’s condition, diagnostic testing or treatments. Most veterinary cardiologists work with small animals; however, some specialize in large animals including horses and cattle.

In most cases, the heart valves are affected, but the disease can also occur on mural endocardium or on the septal defects.The diagnosis of infective endocarditis describes infection of the endocardial surface of the heart and indicates the presence of micro-organisms in the lesion. It is most often associated with infections caused by Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus.

  The regrowth of damaged heart tissue with cutting edge science, including cell free therapy and stem cell. Reparative tools have been engineered to restore function using the body's natural ability to regenerate and damaged heart tissue.Patients and providers working together are finding regenerative solutions that restore, renew and recycle patients' own reparative capacity.

• Stem cell-derived engineered cardiac tissue
• Cardiac stem cells
• Tissue graft cardiac cell replacement
• Cardiac remodelling
• Cardiac regenerative therapy
• Heart repair, heart tissue regeneration and stem cells
• Trans-differentiation during heart regeneration
• Biomimetic heart valve replacement

Costs of providing a particular medical service can be measured, but it is more difficult to assess whether the service provides good value for the money spent. Extensive cost-effectiveness studies have been conducted on many important cardiovascular therapies:

• β-blockers and diuretics for multiple CVD outcomes, mortality, and prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI);
• Statins for both primary and secondary prevention of CVD;
• Enalapril for prevention and treatment of congestive heart failure;
• Tissue plasminogen activator treatment of acute MI;
• Coronary artery bypass graft for left main, single-, and 2-vessel coronary artery disease, or severe angina;
• Physician counselling for smoking; and
• Radiofrequency ablation therapy for Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
• Anticoagulation Therapy and Thrombosis Prevention
• Aortic Stenosis and TAVR

Cardiac markers are employed in the diagnosing the risk of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome and chest pain. The cardiac troponins, specially, became the cardiac markers of alternative for patients with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiac biomarkers are often a step toward in diagnosing a condition. Whereas Cardiac imaging usually confirms a diagnosing, less costly and easier cardiac biomarker measurements will advise a medico whether or not invasive procedures are secured or additional complicated

Traditional cardiac diagnostic tests such as stress tests and echocardiograms can show a physician how much blood is flowing to the heart. However, blood flow can also appear to be normal even with plaque build-up. The latest advances in cardiovascular imaging are required to see the extent of that build up If there are regions of the heart that are not getting as much blood as others, it might be a sign of clogged coronary arteries.

• New Angiography Systems
• Hands-Free Physician Control of Images
• Outpatient, Office-Based Catheter Interventions
• Wireless Ultrasound Transducer
• Noiseless MRI
• 640-Slice CT Scanner
• FFR-Like CT Culprit Vessel Analysis
• Radiation Dose Monitoring
• OLED Displays
• Aesthetically Pleasing Cath Labs
• Single Detector Spectral CT Imaging
• Better Trans catheter Mitral Valve Repair Guidance
• 3-D Sculptures From 3-D Datasets

Healthy eating habits don’t focus on one type of nutrients or one type of food to promote healthy heart. Healthy eating habits rely on a combination of foods chosen regularly, over time. At their core atherosclerosis and hypertension, cardiovascular diseases affecting the developed world. Where both atherosclerosis and hypertension affected by diet from nutritional point of view.

• Dietary cholesterol
• Hypercholesterolemia
• Obesity
• Physician impairment
• Dietary fatty acids
• Atherosclerosis
• Nutrient determination of cardiac responsiveness

Heart Disease is the most common cause of death around the globe and includes coronary heart disease, stroke, mini stroke  and peripheral arterial disease. There are many risk factors associated with coronary heart disease and stroke. Some risk factors, like high blood pressure, can be modified with treatment and some risk factors such as family history, cannot be modified. Non modifiable and modifiable risk factors can increase the probability of developing CVD.

• Physical inactivity and cardiovascular disease
• Tobacco and cardiovascular disease
• Diet and cardiovascular disease
• Blood lipids as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
• Hypertension impacts on your heart and blood vessels
• Obesity and cardiovascular disease

Patients with cardiovascular disease are particularly vulnerable to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). ADR occur frequently in modern medical practice, increasing mortality and morbidity and inflating the cost of care. Patients with cardiovascular disease are vulnerable due to their polypharmacy, advanced age, and the influence of heart disease on drug metabolism. The ADR potential for a particular cardiovascular drug varies the extent of exposure to other drugs, the disease being treated, and the individual.

Major surgeries and events, like heart surgery, heart transplant, or heart attack, and less intensive procedures, like a stent intervention, take a toll on your body. To regain your strength and move forward with an active, healthy lifestyle it’s important to have the proper medical monitoring and guidance.

Cardiovascular rehabilitation provides a monitored exercise program to help improve your mobility and quality of life. And it is also beneficial for chronic conditions, such as vascular disease that causes pain or limits your walking ability.

• Heart attack
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart failure
• Peripheral artery disease
• Chest pain (angina)
• Cardiomyopathy
• Certain congenital heart diseases
• Coronary artery bypass surgery
• Angioplasty and stents
• Heart or lung transplant
• Heart valve repair or replacement
• Pulmonary hypertension

Once heart failure progresses to Stage D, patients experience high symptom burden and face a median life expectancy of only 6–12 months and poor quality of life.Palliative care is a multidisciplinary approach to patient management that focuses on improving quality of life for all patients diagnosed with a life-limiting illness and relieving unpleasant symptoms. Historically, when the patient was felt to have a life expectancy 6 months or less (Stage D heart failure) palliative care referrals will be initiated.

• New drugs cut cholesterol levels by half (PCSK9 inhibitors)
• Replacing aortic valves without surgery (Trans catheter aortic valve replacement)
• Renal denervation loses luster
• Wireless sensors for severe heart failure ( CardioMEMS HF System)
• Google Glass
• Bioresorbable stents
• Leadless pacemaker
• Valve-in-valve procedure
• Protein patch for heart muscle growth

  We have learned a great deal about what causes heart attacks and how to prevent them over the past decade. It’s time to start thinking and set the record straight of this as a disease that doesn’t spare children and woman. But there's a chance you might have misconceptions about the risk factors for heart disease, or heart disease itself unless you follow medical news closely. We need to separate fact from fiction so that together, your health is non-negotiable; we can stop this killer for all and once.

• Heart disease is for men, and cancer is the real threat for women
• Heart disease is for old people
• Heart disease doesn’t affect women who are fit
• I don’t have any symptoms
• Heart disease runs in my family, so there’s nothing I can do about it
• Diabetes won't cause heart disease if you take diabetes medication.
• You can lower your risk of heart disease with vitamins and supplements.
• If you have smoked for years, you can't reduce your risk of heart disease by quitting.
• A small heart attack is no big deal.
• Angioplasty and stenting or bypass surgery "fix" your heart.

What can making better choices do for health and longevity? Harmful habits herald the coming of heart disease they are carrying too many pounds, smoking, eating poorly, being inactive, and drinking too much alcohol. Together and alone, they set the stage for artery-damaging atherosclerosis this occurs by deranging metabolism and changing how cells and tissues work.

• Nutrition & Dietetics
• Preventive cardiologists

Case reports plays major role in the field of medical research and evidenced based medicine. Cardiology Case report is a detailed study of patient symptoms diagnosis & treatment. Case Reports is anecdotal evidence, together with case series. There are two types of cardiologists namely, adult cardiologists, who are adequately trained to treat adults and another type is paediatric cardiologists, who are trained to treat children. Case report describes and provides a detail insight into disorders related to heart and thereby, contributes landmark guidance for other cardiologists, which helps to determine more safe and secure cardio logical therapeutics.

However, both types of physicians are having the immense importance in both clinical and experimental studies, which they publish in the form of case report

Heart Diseases remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world.CVDs take the lives of 17.7 million people every year, 31% of all global deaths. remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world.

In spite of there is progress in prevention of CVD, it has been highly inadequate and uneven, particularly in middle income and low Countries. Voluntary global targets have helped to stimulate resources, attention and accountability on harmful use of alcohol, tobacco use, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity which are the major behavioural causes of CVD.These in turn show up in people as raised blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and overweight and obesity, risks detrimental to good healthy heart.

• CVD survival rate in US and NH adults
• CVD survival rate in Europe

A Fellowship is that the amount of medical coaching, that a medico could undertake once finishing a specialty educational program. Throughout this point, the Physician is known as a Fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as attending medico or a Consultant Physician within the student field within which they were trained, adore general medicine or medicine. Once finishing a Fellowship within the relevant sub-specialty, the medico is allowable to follow while not direct management by different physicians in this sub-specialty, such as Cardiology or Oncology.